Categorical CNV

Definition and Information Model

Warning

This data class is at a draft maturity level and may change significantly in future releases. Maturity levels are described in the GKS Maturity Model.

Computational Definition

A representation of the constraints for matching knowledge about CNVs.

Information Model

A CategoricalCNV is a Categorical Variant with exactly two constraints:

  1. A Defining Location Constraint with the .relations array containing only a liftover_to code.

  2. A Copy Change Constraint or Copy Count Constraint.

Examples

The following are example implementations of that satisfy the CanonicalAllele recipe:

GRCh38/hg38 7p22.1(chr7:5905831-6014161)x3 with CopyCountConstraint
{
   "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
   "$id": "https://w3id.org/ga4gh/schema/cat-vrs/1.0.0/json/example_categoricalCnv-ex1",
   "title": "example_categoricalCnv-ex1",
   "type": "CategoricalVariant",
   "id": "clinvar:151061",
   "name": "GRCh38/hg38 7p22.1(chr7:5905831-6014161)x3",
   "description": "An example categorical CNV that uses CopyCountConstraint.",
   "aliases": [
      "NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)dup",
      "NC_000007.13:g.(?_5945462)_(6053792_?)dup"
   ],
   "extensions": [
      {
         "name": "cytogenetic location",
         "value": "7p22.1"
      },
      {
         "name": "clinvar variation type",
         "value": "copy number gain"
      },
      {
         "name": "hgvs list",
         "value": [
            {
               "nucleotideExpression": {
                  "syntax": "hgvs.g",
                  "value": "NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)dup"
               },
               "nucleotideType": "genomic"
            },
            {
               "nucleotideExpression": {
                  "syntax": "hgvs.g",
                  "value": "NC_000007.13:g.(?_5945462)_(6053792_?)dup"
               },
               "nucleotideType": "genomic"
            }
         ]
      }
   ],
   "constraints": [
      {
         "type": "CopyCountConstraint",
         "copies": 3
      },
      {
         "type": "DefiningLocationConstraint",
         "location": {
            "id": "ga4gh:SL.LChpEzYZaMug85TUqJUbT4MYgVk8vuQ7",
            "description": "Genomic positions 5905831 to 6014161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38).",
            "extensions": [
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 1-based, inclusive interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5905831-6014161",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5905831 to 6014161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38); 1-based, inclusive interval notation."
               },
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 0-based, half-open interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5905830-6014161",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5905830 to 6014161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38); 0-based, half-open interval notation."
               }
            ],
            "type": "SequenceLocation",
            "digest": "LChpEzYZaMug85TUqJUbT4MYgVk8vuQ7",
            "sequenceReference": {
               "id": "refseq:NC_000007.14",
               "name": "NC_000007.14",
               "description": "Reference sequence for GRCh38 chromosome 7.",
               "aliases": [
                  "GRCh38:7",
                  "GRCh38:chr7",
                  "ga4gh:SQ.F-LrLMe1SRpfUZHkQmvkVKFEGaoDeHul"
               ],
               "type": "SequenceReference",
               "refgetAccession": "SQ.F-LrLMe1SRpfUZHkQmvkVKFEGaoDeHul",
               "residueAlphabet": "na"
            },
            "start": [
               null,
               5905830
            ],
            "end": [
               6014161,
               null
            ]
         },
         "relations": [
            {
               "primaryCoding": {
                  "code": "liftover_to",
                  "system": "ga4gh-gks-term:allele-relation"
               }
            }
         ],
         "matchCharacteristic": {
            "primaryCoding": {
               "code": "is_within",
               "system": "ga4gh-gks-term:location-match"
            }
         }
      }
   ],
   "mappings": [
      {
         "coding": {
            "system": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar",
            "code": "151061",
            "iris": [
               "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/151061"
            ]
         },
         "relation": "exactMatch"
      },
      {
         "coding": {
            "system": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbvar",
            "code": "nsv930939",
            "iris": [
               "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbvar/variants/nssv1610575/"
            ]
         },
         "relation": "relatedMatch"
      }
   ],
   "members": [
      {
         "id": "ga4gh:CX.W8HqtDWeVQy_pq6fOSqnPlAcNnH9vvz4",
         "type": "CopyNumberCount",
         "name": "NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)dup",
         "description": "VRS variation of NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)dup, generated with the VICC Variation Normalizer (https://github.com/cancervariants/variation-normalization).",
         "digest": "W8HqtDWeVQy_pq6fOSqnPlAcNnH9vvz4",
         "expressions": [
            {
               "syntax": "hgvs.g",
               "value": "NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)dup"
            }
         ],
         "location": {
            "id": "ga4gh:SL.LChpEzYZaMug85TUqJUbT4MYgVk8vuQ7",
            "description": "Genomic positions 5,905,831 to 6,014,161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38).",
            "extensions": [
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 1-based, inclusive interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5905831-6014161",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5,905,831 to 6,014,161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38); 1-based, inclusive interval notation."
               },
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 0-based, half-open interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5905830-6014161",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5,905,830 to 6,014,161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38); 0-based, half-open interval notation."
               }
            ],
            "type": "SequenceLocation",
            "digest": "LChpEzYZaMug85TUqJUbT4MYgVk8vuQ7",
            "sequenceReference": {
               "id": "refseq:NC_000007.14",
               "name": "NC_000007.14",
               "description": "Reference sequence for GRCh38 chromosome 7.",
               "aliases": [
                  "GRCh38:7",
                  "GRCh38:chr7",
                  "ga4gh:SQ.F-LrLMe1SRpfUZHkQmvkVKFEGaoDeHul"
               ],
               "type": "SequenceReference",
               "refgetAccession": "SQ.F-LrLMe1SRpfUZHkQmvkVKFEGaoDeHul"
            },
            "start": [
               null,
               5905830
            ],
            "end": [
               6014161,
               null
            ]
         },
         "copies": 3
      },
      {
         "id": "ga4gh:CX.XfVcSnSqR2oJHzBMueTrgkMWg_UgbuBL",
         "type": "CopyNumberCount",
         "name": "NC_000007.13:g.(?_5945462)_(6053792_?)dup",
         "description": "VRS variation of NC_000007.13:g.(?_5945462)_(6053792_?)dup, generated with the VICC Variation Normalizer (https://github.com/cancervariants/variation-normalization).",
         "digest": "XfVcSnSqR2oJHzBMueTrgkMWg_UgbuBL",
         "expressions": [
            {
               "syntax": "hgvs.g",
               "value": "NC_000007.13:g.(?_5945462)_(6053792_?)dup"
            }
         ],
         "location": {
            "id": "ga4gh:SL.9wrSvk5-4mI6CmYrt6vImSzcLssLY3VJ",
            "description": "Genomic positions 5,945,462 to 6,053,792 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.13, GRCh37).",
            "extensions": [
               {
                  "name": "GRCh37 1-based, inclusive interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5945462-6053792",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5,945,462 to 6,053,792 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.13, GRCh37); 1-based, inclusive interval notation."
               },
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 0-based, half-open interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5945461-6053792",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5,945,461 to 6,053,792 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.13, GRCh37); 0-based, half-open interval notation."
               }
            ],
            "type": "SequenceLocation",
            "digest": "9wrSvk5-4mI6CmYrt6vImSzcLssLY3VJ",
            "sequenceReference": {
               "id": "refseq:NC_000007.13",
               "name": "NC_000007.13",
               "description": "Reference sequence for GRCh37 chromosome 7.",
               "aliases": [
                  "GRCh37:7",
                  "GRCh37:chr7",
                  "ga4gh:SQ.IW78mgV5Cqf6M24hy52hPjyyo5tCCd86"
               ],
               "type": "SequenceReference",
               "refgetAccession": "SQ.IW78mgV5Cqf6M24hy52hPjyyo5tCCd86",
               "residueAlphabet": "na"
            },
            "start": [
               null,
               5945461
            ],
            "end": [
               6053792,
               null
            ]
         },
         "copies": 3
      }
   ],
   "maturity": "trial use"
}
GRCh38/hg38 7p22.1(chr7:5905831-6014161)x3 with CopyChangeConstraint
{
   "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
   "$id": "https://w3id.org/ga4gh/schema/cat-vrs/1.0.0/json/example_categoricalCnv-ex2",
   "title": "example_categoricalCnv-ex2",
   "type": "CategoricalVariant",
   "id": "clinvar:151061",
   "name": "GRCh38/hg38 7p22.1(chr7:5905831-6014161)x3",
   "description": "An example categorical CNV that uses CopyChangeConstraint.",
   "aliases": [
      "NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)dup",
      "NC_000007.13:g.(?_5945462)_(6053792_?)dup"
   ],
   "extensions": [
      {
         "name": "cytogenetic location",
         "value": "7p22.1"
      },
      {
         "name": "clinvar variation type",
         "value": "copy number gain"
      },
      {
         "name": "hgvs list",
         "value": [
            {
               "nucleotideExpression": {
                  "syntax": "hgvs.g",
                  "value": "NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)dup"
               },
               "nucleotideType": "genomic"
            },
            {
               "nucleotideExpression": {
                  "syntax": "hgvs.g",
                  "value": "NC_000007.13:g.(?_5945462)_(6053792_?)dup"
               },
               "nucleotideType": "genomic"
            }
         ]
      }
   ],
   "constraints": [
      {
         "type": "CopyChangeConstraint",
         "copyChange": "gain"
      },
      {
         "type": "DefiningLocationConstraint",
         "location": {
            "id": "ga4gh:SL.LChpEzYZaMug85TUqJUbT4MYgVk8vuQ7",
            "name": "NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)",
            "description": "Genomic positions 5905831 to 6014161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38).",
            "extensions": [
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 1-based, inclusive interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5905831-6014161",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5905831 to 6014161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38); 1-based, inclusive interval notation."
               },
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 0-based, half-open interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5905830-6014161",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5905830 to 6014161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38); 0-based, half-open interval notation."
               }
            ],
            "type": "SequenceLocation",
            "digest": "LChpEzYZaMug85TUqJUbT4MYgVk8vuQ7",
            "sequenceReference": {
               "id": "refseq:NC_000007.14",
               "name": "NC_000007.14",
               "description": "Reference sequence for GRCh38 chromosome 7.",
               "aliases": [
                  "GRCh38:7",
                  "GRCh38:chr7",
                  "ga4gh:SQ.F-LrLMe1SRpfUZHkQmvkVKFEGaoDeHul"
               ],
               "type": "SequenceReference",
               "refgetAccession": "SQ.F-LrLMe1SRpfUZHkQmvkVKFEGaoDeHul",
               "residueAlphabet": "na"
            },
            "start": [
               null,
               5905830
            ],
            "end": [
               6014161,
               null
            ]
         },
         "relations": [
            {
               "primaryCoding": {
                  "code": "liftover_to",
                  "system": "ga4gh-gks-term:allele-relation"
               }
            }
         ],
         "matchCharacteristic": {
            "primaryCoding": {
               "code": "is_within",
               "system": "ga4gh-gks-term:location-match"
            }
         }
      }
   ],
   "mappings": [
      {
         "coding": {
            "system": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar",
            "code": "151061",
            "iris": [
               "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/151061"
            ]
         },
         "relation": "exactMatch"
      },
      {
         "coding": {
            "system": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbvar",
            "code": "nsv930939",
            "iris": [
               "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbvar/variants/nssv1610575/"
            ]
         },
         "relation": "relatedMatch"
      }
   ],
   "members": [
      {
         "id": "ga4gh:CX.W8HqtDWeVQy_pq6fOSqnPlAcNnH9vvz4",
         "type": "CopyNumberChange",
         "name": "NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)dup",
         "description": "VRS variation of NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)dup, generated with the VICC Variation Normalizer (https://github.com/cancervariants/variation-normalization).",
         "digest": "W8HqtDWeVQy_pq6fOSqnPlAcNnH9vvz4",
         "expressions": [
            {
               "syntax": "hgvs.g",
               "value": "NC_000007.14:g.(?_5905831)_(6014161_?)dup"
            }
         ],
         "location": {
            "id": "ga4gh:SL.LChpEzYZaMug85TUqJUbT4MYgVk8vuQ7",
            "description": "Genomic positions 5905831 to 6014161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38).",
            "extensions": [
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 1-based, inclusive interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5905831-6014161",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5905831 to 6014161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38); 1-based, inclusive interval notation."
               },
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 0-based, half-open interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5905830-6014161",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5905830 to 6014161 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.14, GRCh38); 0-based, half-open interval notation."
               }
            ],
            "type": "SequenceLocation",
            "digest": "LChpEzYZaMug85TUqJUbT4MYgVk8vuQ7",
            "sequenceReference": {
               "id": "refseq:NC_000007.14",
               "name": "NC_000007.14",
               "description": "Reference sequence for GRCh38 chromosome 7.",
               "aliases": [
                  "GRCh38:7",
                  "GRCh38:chr7",
                  "ga4gh:SQ.F-LrLMe1SRpfUZHkQmvkVKFEGaoDeHul"
               ],
               "type": "SequenceReference",
               "refgetAccession": "SQ.F-LrLMe1SRpfUZHkQmvkVKFEGaoDeHul"
            },
            "start": [
               null,
               5905830
            ],
            "end": [
               6014161,
               null
            ]
         },
         "copyChange": "gain"
      },
      {
         "id": "ga4gh:CX.XfVcSnSqR2oJHzBMueTrgkMWg_UgbuBL",
         "type": "CopyNumberChange",
         "name": "NC_000007.13:g.(?_5945462)_(6053792_?)dup",
         "description": "VRS variation of NC_000007.13:g.(?_5945462)_(6053792_?)dup, generated with the VICC Variation Normalizer (https://github.com/cancervariants/variation-normalization).",
         "digest": "XfVcSnSqR2oJHzBMueTrgkMWg_UgbuBL",
         "expressions": [
            {
               "syntax": "hgvs.g",
               "value": "NC_000007.13:g.(?_5945462)_(6053792_?)dup"
            }
         ],
         "location": {
            "id": "ga4gh:SL.9wrSvk5-4mI6CmYrt6vImSzcLssLY3VJ",
            "description": "Genomic positions 5945462 to 6053792 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.13, GRCh37).",
            "extensions": [
               {
                  "name": "GRCh37 1-based, inclusive interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5945462-6053792",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5945462 to 6053792 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.13, GRCh37); 1-based, inclusive interval notation."
               },
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 0-based, half-open interval",
                  "value": "chr7:5945461-6053792",
                  "description": "Genomic positions 5945461 to 6053792 on chromosome 7 (refseq:NC_000007.13, GRCh37); 0-based, half-open interval notation."
               }
            ],
            "type": "SequenceLocation",
            "digest": "9wrSvk5-4mI6CmYrt6vImSzcLssLY3VJ",
            "sequenceReference": {
               "id": "refseq:NC_000007.13",
               "name": "NC_000007.13",
               "description": "Reference sequence for GRCh37 chromosome 7.",
               "aliases": [
                  "GRCh37:7",
                  "GRCh37:chr7",
                  "ga4gh:SQ.IW78mgV5Cqf6M24hy52hPjyyo5tCCd86"
               ],
               "type": "SequenceReference",
               "refgetAccession": "SQ.IW78mgV5Cqf6M24hy52hPjyyo5tCCd86",
               "residueAlphabet": "na"
            },
            "start": [
               null,
               5945461
            ],
            "end": [
               6053792,
               null
            ]
         },
         "copyChange": "gain"
      }
   ],
   "maturity": "trial use"
}
GRCh38 Xp22.31(chrX:6978350-7594949)x3
{
   "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
   "$id": "https://w3id.org/ga4gh/schema/cat-vrs/1.0.0/json/example_categoricalCnv-ex3",
   "title": "example_categoricalCnv-ex3",
   "type": "CategoricalVariant",
   "id": "clingen:cacn42032202",
   "name": "GRCh38 Xp22.31(chrX:6978350-7594949)x3",
   "description": "An example categoricalCNV that uses CopyCountConstraint and uses ranges for start/end positions within the DefiningLocationConstraint.",
   "aliases": [
      "NC_000023.11:g.(6978350_6996235)_(7564455_7594949)dup(2)",
      "GRCh37 (chrX:6896391_6914276-7482496_7512990)x3",
      "NC_000023.10:g.(6896391_6914276-7482496_7512990)dup(2)"
   ],
   "extensions": [
      {
         "name": "cytogenetic location",
         "value": "Xp22.31"
      }
   ],
   "constraints": [
      {
         "type": "CopyCountConstraint",
         "copies": 3
      },
      {
         "type": "DefiningLocationConstraint",
         "location": {
            "id": "ga4gh:SL.XyercAFM_APQwFaDuPcXG5lHa4wUpkiL",
            "description": "Genomic region between positions 6,978,350-7,594,949 on chromosome X (refseq:NC_000023.11, GRCh38), with breakpoints estimated within the intervals 6,978,350-6,996,235 and 7,564,455-7,594,949.",
            "extensions": [
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 1-based, inclusive interval",
                  "value": "chrX:(6978350\u20136996235)-(7564455\u20137594949)",
                  "description": "Genomic region between positions 6,978,350-7,594,949 on chromosome X (refseq:NC_000023.11, GRCh38), with breakpoints estimated within the intervals 6,978,350-6,996,235 and 7,564,455-7,594,949; 1-based, inclusive interval notation."
               },
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 0-based, half-open interval",
                  "value": "chrX:(6978349\u20136996235)-(7564454\u20137594949)",
                  "description": "Genomic region between positions 6,978,349-7,594,949 on chromosome X (refseq:NC_000023.11, GRCh38), with breakpoints estimated within the intervals 6,978,349-6,996,235 and 7,564,454-7,594,949; 0-based, half-open interval notation."
               }
            ],
            "type": "SequenceLocation",
            "digest": "XyercAFM_APQwFaDuPcXG5lHa4wUpkiL",
            "sequenceReference": {
               "id": "refseq:NC_000023.11",
               "name": "NC_000023.11",
               "description": "Reference sequence for GRCh38 chromosome X.",
               "aliases": [
                  "GRCh38:X",
                  "GRCh38:chrX",
                  "ga4gh:SQ.w0WZEvgJF0zf_P4yyTzjjv9oW1z61HHP"
               ],
               "type": "SequenceReference",
               "refgetAccession": "SQ.F-LrLMe1SRpfUZHkQmvkVKFEGaoDeHul"
            },
            "start": [
               6978350,
               6996235
            ],
            "end": [
               7564455,
               7594949
            ]
         },
         "relations": [
            {
               "primaryCoding": {
                  "code": "liftover_to",
                  "system": "ga4gh-gks-term:allele-relation"
               }
            }
         ],
         "matchCharacteristic": {
            "primaryCoding": {
               "code": "is_within",
               "system": "ga4gh-gks-term:location-match"
            }
         }
      }
   ],
   "mappings": [
      {
         "coding": {
            "system": "https://reg.clinicalgenome.org/",
            "code": "CACN42032202",
            "iris": [
               "https://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/Registry/genboree_registry/by_canonicalid?canonicalid=CACN42032202"
            ]
         },
         "relation": "exactMatch"
      }
   ],
   "members": [
      {
         "id": "ga4gh:CX.Xb6kSRqlCY2VS1QJeKxhWyGqPfpPigf3",
         "type": "CopyNumberCount",
         "name": "NC_000023.11:g.(6978350_6996235)_(7564455_7594949)dup(2)",
         "description": "VRS variation of NC_000023.11:g.(6978350_6996235)_(7564455_7594949)dup, generated with the VICC Variation Normalizer (https://github.com/cancervariants/variation-normalization).",
         "digest": "Xb6kSRqlCY2VS1QJeKxhWyGqPfpPigf3",
         "expressions": [
            {
               "syntax": "hgvs.g",
               "value": "NC_000023.11:g.(6978350_6996235)_(7564455_7594949)dup"
            }
         ],
         "location": {
            "id": "ga4gh:SL.XyercAFM_APQwFaDuPcXG5lHa4wUpkiL",
            "description": "Genomic region between positions 6,978,350-7,594,949 on chromosome X (refseq:NC_000023.11, GRCh38), with breakpoints estimated within the intervals 6,978,350-6,996,235 and 7,564,455-7,594,949.",
            "extensions": [
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 1-based, inclusive interval",
                  "value": "chrX:(6978350\u20136996235)-(7564455\u20137594949)",
                  "description": "Genomic region between positions 6,978,350-7,594,949 on chromosome X (refseq:NC_000023.11, GRCh38), with breakpoints estimated within the intervals 6,978,350-6,996,235 and 7,564,455-7,594,949; 1-based, inclusive interval notation."
               },
               {
                  "name": "GRCh38 0-based, half-open interval",
                  "value": "chrX:(6978349\u20136996235)-(7564454\u20137594949)",
                  "description": "Genomic region between positions 6,978,349-7,594,949 on chromosome X (refseq:NC_000023.11, GRCh38), with breakpoints estimated within the intervals 6,978,349-6,996,235 and 7,564,454-7,594,949; 0-based, half-open interval notation."
               }
            ],
            "type": "SequenceLocation",
            "digest": "XyercAFM_APQwFaDuPcXG5lHa4wUpkiL",
            "sequenceReference": {
               "id": "refseq:NC_000023.11",
               "name": "NC_000023.11",
               "description": "Reference sequence for GRCh38 chromosome X.",
               "aliases": [
                  "GRCh38:X",
                  "GRCh38:chrX",
                  "ga4gh:SQ.w0WZEvgJF0zf_P4yyTzjjv9oW1z61HHP"
               ],
               "type": "SequenceReference",
               "refgetAccession": "SQ.F-LrLMe1SRpfUZHkQmvkVKFEGaoDeHul"
            },
            "start": [
               6978350,
               6996235
            ],
            "end": [
               7564455,
               7594949
            ]
         },
         "copies": 3
      }
   ],
   "maturity": "trial use"
}

Implementation Guidance